Toyota Land Cruiser Diesel Petrol 1980-1998 Haynes Service Repair Workshop Manual

Diesel fuel as a whole is any liquid gas utilized in diesel engines. The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil, but options that are not derived from petroleum, these as biomass, biodiesel to liquid (BTL) or gasoline to liquid (GTL) diesel, are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these sorts, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly referred to as petrodiesel. Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) is actually a requirement for defining diesel gasoline with substantially lowered sulfur contents. As of 2006, almost all the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in UK, Europe and North America is of a ULSD type.

In the UK, diesel gas for on-road use is usually abbreviated DERV, standing for diesel-engined road vehicle, which holds a tax premium over equivalent fuel for non-road use (see Taxation).

In Australia diesel fuel is also referred to as 'distillate'.

Unlike gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas engines, diesel engines do not use high-voltage spark ignition (spark plugs). An engine operating on diesel compresses the air inside the cylinder to high conditions and pressures (compression ratios from 14:1 to 18:1 are typical in current diesel engines); the engine generally injects the diesel fuel directly into the cylinder, starting several degrees before top dead center (TDC) and continuing during the combustion event. The high temperatures within the tube cause the diesel fuel to respond with all the oxygen in the mix (burn or oxidize), heating and expanding the burning mixture to convert the thermal/pressure difference into mechanical work, i.e., to move the piston. Engines have glow plugs to assist start the engine by preheating the cylinders to a minimum operating temperature. Diesel engines are lean burn engines, burning the fuel in more air than is required for the chemical reaction. They thus use less fuel than rich shed spark ignition engines which use a Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (just enough air to react with the fuel). Because they have actually high compression ratios and no throttle, diesel engines will be more efficient than a lot of spark-ignited engines.

Gas turbine inner combustion engines also can take diesel fuel, as can some other forms of internal burning. External combustion engines can easily use diesel fuel because well.

This efficiency and its lower flammability than gasoline are the two main reasons for military use of diesel in armored fighting vehicles. Engines operating on diesel also provide more torque, and are less likely to stall, as these people are managed by electronic or mechanical governor.

A disadvantage of diesel as a vehicle energy in cold climates, is the fact that its viscosity rises as the temperature changing, decreases it into a gel (see Compression Ignition Gelling) at temperatures of Ã�ÃÃÃÃ�ÃÃF) toÃ�ÃÃÃÃ�ÃÃF), that cannot flow in fuel systems. Special low-temperature diesel contains additives to keep it liquid at reduced temperatures, but starting a diesel engine in extremely cold temperatures may still pose considerable difficulties.

Another disadvantage of diesel engines compared to petrol/gasoline engines is the possibility of runaway failure. Since diesel engines do maybe not need spark ignition, they can operate as long as diesel fuel is supplied. Gasoline is usually furnished via a fuel pump. If the pump breaks straight down in an "open" position, the production of fuel will end up being unhindered, and the engine will run away and risk terminal failure.

With turbocharged engines, the oil seals on the turbocharger may allowing, fail lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, where it's burned like regular diesel fuel.

In vehicles or installations which use diesel machines and also bottled fuel, a gas leak into the engine space could also provide gas for a runaway, via the engine air intake.

Diesel engines have the lowest specific fuel consumption of any big internal combustion engine employing a single cycle, 0.26 lb/hpÃ�ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃ�ÃÃÃÃ�ÃÃh (0.16 kg/kWh) for very large marine engines (mixed cycle power plants are more efficient, but employ two motors rather than one). Two-stroke diesels with high pressure forced induction, particularly turbocharging, make up a large percentage of the very largest diesel machines.

In North America, diesel engines are primarily used in big vehicles, where the low-stress, high-efficiency cycle leads to much longer engine life and lower operational costs. These advantages also make the diesel engine ideal for use in the heavy-haul railway environment.

Among Diesel's professors in Munich was Carl von Linde. Diesel was unable to be graduated with his class in July 1879 because he dropped ill with typhoid. While waiting for the next examination date, he gained practical engineering experience during the Gebrder Sulzer Maschinenfabrik (Sulzer Brothers Machine Works) in Winterthur, Switzerland. Diesel was graduated in January 1880 with highest academic honours and returned to Paris, where he assisted their former Munich professor, Carl von Linde, with the design and construction of a modern ice and refrigeration plant. Diesel became the director of the plant one year later.

In 1883, Diesel partnered Martha Flasche, and proceeded to focus for Linde, gaining numerous patents in both Germany and France.

In early 1890, Diesel moved to Berlin with his Rudolf, wife and children Jr, Heddy, and Eugen, to assume management of Linde's business research and improvement department and to join several other corporate panels there. As he was not allowed to use the patents he produced while an employee of Linde's for his very own purposes, he expanded beyond the field of refrigeration. He very first worked with steam, their research into thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency leading him to build a steam engine using ammonia vapour. During tests, however, the engine exploded and nearly killed him. The guy invested many months in a medical center, followed by eyesight and health issues. He then began designing an engine based regarding the Carnot cycle, and in 1893, soon after Karl Benz was granted a patent for his invention of the motor automobile in 1886, Diesel published a treatise entitled Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen WÃ�ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃ�ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃ�ÃÃÃÃ�ÃÃrmemotors zum Ersatz der Dampfmaschine und der heute bekannten Verbrennungsmotoren and formed the foundation for his work on and invention of the diesel engine.

Diesel understood thermodynamics and the theoretical and practical constraints on fuel efficiency. He knew that since much as 90% of the power available in the gas is wasted in a steam engine. His operate in engine design was driven by the aim of much higher efficiency ratios. After experimenting with a Carnot Cycle motor, he developed his own approach. Eventually, the guy obtained a patent for his design for a compression-ignition engine. In his fuel, engine was injected at the end of compression and the fuel was ignited by the high temperature resulting from compression. From 1893 to 1897, Heinrich von Buz, director of MAN AG in Augsburg, gave Rudolf Diesel the opportunity to develop and test his ideas. Rudolf Diesel obtained patents for his design in Germany and other countries, including the U.S. The diesel engine (in addition known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to start ignition and burn the fuel that has recently been injected into the burning chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (petrol engine) or fuel engine (using a gaseous fuel as against gasoline), which utilize a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel combination.

The diesel engine provides the greatest thermal efficiency of any standard inner or exterior combustion engine because of to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and different applications where overall engine weight is actually reasonably unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.

Diesel engines are manufactured in four-stroke and two-stroke versions. They were initially used as an even more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they were used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy gear and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in several vehicles. Since the 1970s, the utilize of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. According to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars account for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK.

The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the gasoline powered Otto cycle by using highly compressed hot air to ignite the fuel instead of using a spark plug (compression ignition rather than spark ignition).

In the true diesel engine, only environment is in the beginning introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is actually then compressed with a compression ratio typically between 15:1 and 22:1 leading to 40-bar (4.0 MPa; 580 psi) force compared to 8 to 14 bars (0.80 to 1.40 MPa; 120 to 200 psi) in the petrol engine. This high compression heats the air to 550 Ã�ÃÃÃÃ�ÃÃC (1,022 Ã�ÃÃÃÃ�ÃÃF). At in regards to the top of the compression stroke, fuel is injected directly into the compressed air in the burning chamber. This may be into a (typically toroidal) void in the very best of the piston or a pre-chamber dependant upon the design of the engine. The fuel injector ensures that the fuel is broken down into small droplets, and that the fuel is distributed evenly. The heat of the compressed air vaporizes fuel out of the surface of the droplets. The vapour is then ignited by the warmth from the condensed atmosphere in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller sized, until all the fuel in the droplets continues to be burnt. The start of vaporisation causes a delay duration during ignition as well as the characteristic diesel slamming sound as the vapour gets to ignition temperature and causes an abrupt increase in pressure above the piston. The rapid expansion of combustion fumes then drives the piston downward, supplying capacity to the crankshaft.

As well as the high level of compression enabling combustion to take location without a separate ignition system, a higher compression ratio greatly increases the engine's productivity. Boosting the compression ratio in a spark-ignition engine where air and fuel are mixed before entryway to the cylinder is restricted because of the need to prevent damaging pre-ignition. Since only air is compressed in a diesel engine, and fuel is not introduced into the cylinder until shortly before top dead centre (TDC), premature detonation is not issue and compression ratios are much higher.

Diesel's original engine injected gasoline with the assistance of compressed air, which atomized the fuel and forced it into the engine through a nozzle (a similar principle to an aerosol spray). The nozzle opening was closed by a pin device lifted by the camshaft to initiate the fuel injection before top dead heart (TDC). This is called an air-blast shot. Driving the three stage compressor used some power but the efficiency and net power production was significantly more than any other burning engine at that time.

Diesel engines in service today raise the fuel to extreme pressures by mechanical pumps and deliver it to the combustion chamber by pressure-activated injectors without compressed air. With direct injected diesels, injectors spray fuel through 4 to 12 small orifices in its nozzle. The early environment injection diesels constantly had a remarkable burning without having the sharp increase in force during combustion. Scientific studies are now being performed and patents tend to be being taken out to again use some form of air injection to decrease the nitrogen oxides and pollution, reverting to Diesel's original implementation with its superior combustion and possibly quieter operation. In all major aspects, the contemporary diesel engine holds true to Rudolf Diesel's original layout, that of igniting fuel by compression at an exceptionally high pressure within the cylinder. With much higher pressures and high technology injectors, present-day diesel motors make use of the so-called good injection system applied by Herbert Akroyd Stuart for his hot bulb engine. The indirect injection engine could be regarded as the latest development of these low speed hot light bulb ignition engines.

In chilly weather, high rate diesel machines can be difficult to start as the mass associated with cylinder block and cylinder head absorb the heat of compression, protecting against ignition as a result of the higher surface-to-volume ratio. Pre-chambered machines make usage of small electrical heaters inside the pre-chambers called glowplugs, as the direct-injected engines have these glowplugs in the combustion chamber.

Many engines use resistive heaters in the intake manifold to warm the inlet air for starting, or until the engine reaches running temperature. Engine block heaters (electric resistive heaters in the engine block) hooked up to the electricity grid tend to be used in cold climates when an engine is turned off for extended periods (more than an hour), to reduce startup time and engine wear. Block heaters are also used for emergency power standby Diesel-powered turbines which must rapidly pick up load on a power failure. Into the past, a wider variety of cold-start methods were used. Some engines, such as Detroit Diesel engines used a system to introduce small amounts of ether into the inlet manifold to start combustion. Other people used a mixed system, with a resistive heater burning up methanol. An impromptu method, particularly on out-of-tune engines, is to by hand spray an aerosol can of ether-based engine starter fluid into the intake air stream (usually through the intake air filter assembly).

Most diesels have become some are and turbocharged both turbo charged and supercharged. Because diesels do not have fuel in the cylinder before combustion is initiated, more than one bar (100 kPa) of air can be loaded in the cylinder without preignition. A turbocharged motor can create significantly more power than a normally aspirated motor of the same configuration, as having more air in the cylinders permits more fuel to be burned and thus more energy to be produced. A supercharger is powered mechanically by the engine's crankshaft, while a turbocharger is powered by the engine fatigue, not demanding any mechanical power. Turbocharging can improve the fuel economy of diesel machines by recovering waste heat from the fatigue, increasing the excess air factor, and increasing the ratio of engine output to friction losses.

A two-stroke engine really does not have a discrete exhaust and intake stroke and so is incompetent at self-aspiration. Therefore all two-stroke engines must be fitted with a blower to recharge the cylinders with air and assist in dispersing exhaust gases, a process referred to as scavenging. In some instances, the motor may also be fitted with a turbocharger, whose output is directed into the blower inlet. A few styles employ a crossbreed turbocharger for scavenging and charging the cylinders, which device is mechanically driven at cranking and low speeds to act as a blower.

As supercharged or turbocharged engines create even more energy for a given engine size as compared to naturally aspirated engines, attention should be paid to the mechanical design of components, lube, and air conditioning to handle the power. Pistons are usually cooled with lubrication petroleum sprayed on the bottom of the piston. Large engines may use sea, water water, or oil supplied through telescoping pipes attached for the crosshead.

As with gas engines, there are two classes of diesel engines in recent use: two-stroke and four-stroke. The four-stroke type is actually the "classic" version, tracing its lineage back into Rudolf Diesel's prototype. It's additionally the most frequently used form, being the preferred power source for many motor vehicles, especially buses and trucks. Much larger motors, these as used for railway locomotion and marine propulsion, are typically two-stroke units, offering a more favourable power-to-weight proportion, along with much better fuel economy. The absolute most powerful engines in the world are two-stroke diesels of mammoth dimensions.

Two-stroke diesel engine operation is just like that of petrol counterparts, except that fuel is certainly not combined with air before induction, additionally the crankcase does not take an active function in the cycle. The standard two-stroke design relies upon a mechanically pushed positive displacement blower to charge the cylinders with air before compression and ignition. The charging process also assists in expelling (scavenging) burning gases remaining from the previous energy stroke.

The archetype of the modern as a type of the two-stroke diesel is the (high-speed) Detroit Diesel Series 71 engine, developed by Charles F. "President" Kettering and his peers at General Motors company in 1938, in that the blower pressurizes a chamber when you look at the engine block that is often known as the "air box". The (very much larger medium-speed) Electro-Motive Diesel engine is used as the prime mover in EMD diesel-electric locomotive, marine and stationary applications, and was designed because of the same team, and is built on the same principle. However, a significant improvement built into most later EMD engines is the mechanically-assisted turbo-compressor, which provides charge air using mechanical assistance during starting (thereby obviating the necessity for Roots-blown scavenging), and provides charge air using an exhaust gas-driven turbine during normal operations hereby offering true turbocharging and additionally increasing the engine's energy output by at least fifty percent.

In a two-stroke diesel engine, since the cylinder's piston approaches the bottom dead centre exhaust ports or valves are opened relieving most of the extra pressure after which a passage amongst the environment field and the tube is opened, permitting air flow into the tube. The air flow blows the remaining combustion fumes from the cylinder this is the scavenging process. As the piston passes through bottom centre and starts upward, the passage is closed and compression begins, culminating in fuel injection and ignition. Refer to two-stroke diesel engines for more detailed coverage of aspiration types and supercharging of two-stroke diesel engines.

Normally, the number of cylinders are utilized in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used as long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. The inline-six-cylinder design could be the many prolific in light- to medium-duty engines, though small V8 and larger inline-four displacement engines are also common. Small-capacity engines (generally thought about to be those below five litres in capacity) are generally four- or six-cylinder types, with the four-cylinder getting the most common type present in automotive uses. Five-cylinder diesel motors have also recently been produced, getting a compromise between the smooth running of the six-cylinder and the space-efficient proportions of the four-cylinder. Diesel engines for more compact plant machinery, boats, tractors, generators and pumps may end up being four, three or two-cylinder types, with the single-cylinder diesel engine continuing to be for light fixed work. Direct reversible two-stroke marine diesels need at minimum three cylinders for dependable restarting forwards and reverse, while four-stroke diesels need at least six cylinders.

The desire to improve the diesel engine's power-to-weight proportion produced several novel cylinder arrangements to extract more power from a provided capacity. The uniflow opposed-piston engine uses two pistons in one cylinder with the combustion cavity in the middle and gas in- and outlets at the ends. This makes a comparatively light, powerful, swiftly running and financial engine right to be used in aviation. An example is the Junkers Jumo 204/205. The Napier Deltic motor, with three cylinders arranged in a triangular formation, each containing two opposed pistons, the entire engine having three crankshafts, is one of the better known.

The Toyota Land Cruiser is a series of four-wheel drive cars yielded by the Japanese vehicle creator Toyota. It is Toyota's greatest running series.

Production of the initial generation Land Cruiser started inside 1951 because Toyota's adaptation of the Jeep-like car. The Land Cruiser has been yielded inside convertible, hardtop, station wagon, plus utility truck versions. The Land Cruiser's security plus longevity has led with big recognition, particularly inside South Sudan plus Australia where it's the best-selling body-on-frame, four-wheel drive car. Toyota equally thoroughly tests the Land Cruiser inside the Australian outback regarded as among the toughest working conditions inside both temperature plus terrain. Main rivals include the Range Rover, Land Rover Discovery, Jeep Wrangler, Mitsubishi Pajero plus Nissan Patrol. In Japan, the Land Cruiser is exclusive with Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Store.The 70 Series is a family of Toyota Land Cruiser models yielded from 1984 till the modern. It changed the 25-year-old 40 Series because the off-road workhorse of the Land Cruiser history, whilst the 60 Series developed into more comfortable passenger off-road cars. Despite main changes inside styling plus many technological updates, the 70 Series was tailored with retain the off-road functions plus toughness for that the 40 Series had become recognized. The 70 Series was advertised throughout the globe, except for nations like the USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil plus Korea.
Originally, model numbers 70 from 74 referred with the 2-door brief plus medium wheelbase versions. These were the successors of the distinguished 40 Series, including the FJ40. Model numbers 75 from 77 referred with the long-wheelbase adaptation, that was obtainable in pick-up plus 2-door troop carrier models plus, inside a some markets, a 4-door wagon. These were the successors of the less-well acknowledged long-wheelbase 40 Series, like the FJ45. In 1999, Toyota introduced many upgrades plus changed the model designations, where the long-wheelbase models became the 78 plus 79. In 2007, the 76 was added, when the new dual-cab models additionally share the 79 model designation. Short-wheelbase models are just inside creation now for a some select markets.

As with all Land Cruisers, the letters at the beginning of the model quantity designate the engine of the car. Common motors inside the 70 series include the 3F petrol engine, the 2H diesel engine, the 1FZ petrol engine, the 1HZ diesel engine, plus many lately, the 1VD diesel engine. For a when the BJ73 Hardtop was obtainable in the Italian plus Spanish marketplace with a VM five-cylinder HR588 2.5-litre turbodiesel it the "B" prefix was used because considering the initially 4-cylinder diesel 70 series came with all the 3B.
The Toyota 1VD-FTV engine is the initially V8 diesel engine yielded by Toyota. It is a 32-Valve DOHC, with Common Rail gas injection plus either 1 or 2 Variable geometry turbochargers.
The single-turbo variant of the engine was initial utilized inside Australia commencing March 2007, fitted with the 70-series Land Cruiser range. The engine is obtainable in Australia, India, Central plus South America.

The twin-turbo variant saw its initial employ inside September 2007 fitted with the 200-series Land Cruiser wagon, that is obtainable in numerous worldwide markets. It is additionally installed inside certain variants of the Lexus LX570 wagon.
1984 1999: The 70 / 75 series Toyota Land Cruiser took over within the 40 / 45 series of workhorse four-wheel forces inside 1984. The styling maintained a family resemblance with the 40 / 45 series however became more angular. The 70 / 71 series was the short-wheelbase, the 73 / 74 was the medium-wheelbase as well as the 75 / 77 was the long-wheelbase. The latter came because cab-chassis/utility with a "panelled" tray, plus "troop carrier" hard-top. Toyota additionally produced lighter duty versions which shared the 70 Series designation from 1985 with 1996, plus were advertised inside many components of the globe because the Bundera, the Prado, or the Land Cruiser II. Of these, the Prado name stuck, plus every modification took it further from its 70 Series origins. Starting inside 1997 the Prado was recognised as the 90 Series, plus had become a light-duty passenger 4x4 without connection with the 70 Series.

1999: The pick-up variation was designated the 79 series, the Troop Carrier became the 78 series, as well as the short-wheelbase variation was phased out inside many markets. The principal mechanical changes were: coil sprung live front axle; longer back leaf springs; 5-bolt wheels rather of 6-bolt wheels; redesigned steering wheel; redesigned front indicators; plus, inside the cab-chassis, a longer wheelbase, that improved the back storage ability.
The Toyota J40 is the model designation for a Toyota Land Cruiser 40 series made of 1960 till 1984. Most 40 series Land Cruisers were built because two-door cars with somewhat bigger dimensions than a Jeep CJ.
A transfer case is a element of the four-wheel-drive program found inside four-wheel-drive plus all-wheel-drive cars. The transfer case is associated with the transmission and with the front plus back axles through drive shafts. It is equally called a "transfer gearcase", "transfer gearbox","transfer box", "jockey box", or "T-case".


The transfer case receives energy within the transmission plus sends it with both the front plus back axles. This is performed with a set of gears, however most transfer instances produced now are chain driven. On some cars, including four-wheel-drive pickups or cars intended for off-road utilize, this feature is controlled by the driver. The driver will place the transfer case into either "two-wheel-drive" or "four-wheel-drive" mode. This really is occasionally accomplished through a shifter, synonymous to this inside a manual transmission. On some cars this can be electronically operated with a switch rather. Many cars, like all-wheel-drive sports vehicles, have transfer instances which are not selectable. Such a transfer case is forever "locked" into all-wheel-drive mode.

An on-road transfer case synchronizes the difference between your rotation of the front plus back wheels, inside much the same technique the differential works about a provided axle. This really is mandatory considering the front plus back wheels not turn at the same speed whenever front plus back tire models vary.

Transfer situations crafted for off-road employ will mechanically lock the front plus back axles whenever required. This really is the equal with the differential lock.

The transfer case can contain 1 or even more sets of low range gears. Low range gears are involved with a shifter or electronic switch. On several transfer situations, this shifter is the same because the 1 which selects 2WD or 4WD surgery. Lower range gears slow down the car plus heighten the torque accessible at the axles. Low-range gears are utilized throughout slow-speed or extreme off road maneuvers, including rockcrawling or whenever pulling a thick weight. This feature is frequently missing about all-wheel-drive vehicles. Many especially big cars, including thick equipment or military pickups, have multiple low-range gear. In the late 1970s, Mitsubishi installed a transfer case with its front wheel drive treatments without equipping a next driveshaft with the back wheels. It was called Super Shift plus permitted motorists with choose from 4 gears inside the "Power" range, using the torque within the engine, plus 4 gears inside the "Economy" range, providing greater gas economy at high speeds.



The model was accessible because the FJ40 series and BJ40/41/42, BJ43/44/46 or HJ45/47 designation where it had a Diesel engine. The Land Cruisers integrated Brazil from 1958 with 1962 received the series code FJ25 plus FJ25L however are usually called FJ-251, plus inside 1961 because of a unique engine called 2F - to not be confounded with all the later 2F engine from 1975 - there nonetheless came out several limited units with all the series code FJ-151L. With the model name changed with Bandeirante following 1961, those built from 1962 with 1993 - with Mercedes-Benz machines - received OJ50/55 series plus those built from 1994 with 2001 - with Toyota motors - BJ50/55 series model codes.

References with the series inside this particular article is with the J40 series except referring with among the petrol or diesel models particularly.

The J40/41/42 became a two-door brief wheelbase four-wheel-drive car, with either a soft or perhaps a hardtop. It was accessible with different petrol or diesel machines over its lifetime. It was changed about many markets from 1984 by the J70 series.
The FJ42 is 4X2 model, for just The Middle East.
The J43/J44/46 was a very uncommon two-door medium wheelbase four-wheel-drive car, with either a soft or perhaps a hard-top. It was changed about many markets from 1984 by the J70 series.
The J45/47 had been a long-wheelbase four-wheel-drive car, obtainable in two-door hardtop, three-door hardtop, four-door station wagon plus two-door pickup models. The four-door station wagon model was the shortest-lived of the J40 series, because it was changed by the FJ55G/V inside 1967.
The Bandeirante TB25/TB41/TB51 Series are J2 series integrated Brazil by Toyota do Brasil Ltda from 1962 with 1966/68. In 1966 they were changed by the OJ32 plus OJ31 for the TB25, as well as the TB81 for the TB51; for an unknown cause the TB41 might keep its J2 code till 1968 whenever Toyota do Brasil flipped within the J2 with the J3 series inside 1966.
The Bandeirante OJ40/OJ45 Series, OJ50/OJ55 Series plus BJ50/BJ55 Series are J4 series integrated Brazil by Toyota do Brasil Ltda from 1968 with 2001. Identical with the BJ40 inside virtually each regard, it had a limited stylistic modifications with the grille plus utilized Mercedes-Benz OM-314/OM-324/OM-364 diesel motors for much of its creation life; another noticeable mayor characteristic are the whole hind doorways instead of the conventional Toyota two-wing hind doorways at the Bandeirante's difficult top models.


OJ55LP-B3 - Brief chassis-cab pickup - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-314 - fresh inside 19??
OJ55LP-BL - Long pickup with native bed - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-314 - modern inside 19??
OJ55LP-BL3 - Brief chassis-cab pickup - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-314 - unique inside 19??
OJ55LP-2BL - Long 2-door double cabin pickup with native bed - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-314 - unique inside 19??

1989:

OJ50L - Brief soft top bushdrive vehicle - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-364 - replaces the OJ50L with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ50LV - Brief difficult top bushdrive auto - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-364 - replaces the OJ50LV with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ50LV-B - Long difficult top bushdrive vehicle - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-364 - replaces the OJ50LV-B with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ55LP-B - Brief pickup with native bed - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-364 - replaces the OJ55LP-B with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ55LP-B3 - Brief chassis-cab pickup - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-364 - replaces the OJ55LP-B3 with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ55LP-BL - Long pickup with native bed - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-364 - replaces the OJ55LP-BL with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ55LP-BL3 - Long chassis-cab pickup - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-364 - replaces the OJ55LP-BL3 with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ55LP-2BL - Long 2-door double cabin pickup with native bed - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-364 - replaces the OJ55LP-2BL with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor

The Land Cruiser 55 was yielded from 1967 with 1980. Toyota pertains with the FJ55G plus FJ55V because the initially "real" station wagon inside the Land Cruiser series, therefore marking the beginning of the station wagon branch. It was the initially Land Cruiser with have totally enclosed box frame members. Of all Land Cruiser wagons available inside the U.S., including the FJ45, it is very truly the only 1 not to have hatch plus tailgate inside the back, however, somewhat a tailgate just with an electrically operated window which is retracted into the tailgate.

1967 Production of the FJ55 began. The FJ55 became a 4-door station wagon variation based found on the FJ40's Drive-train, substituting the 4-Door FJ45V. It was colloquially termed as the "Moose". It has moreover been called a "pig" or an "iron pig". The FJ55 had a longer wheelbase 2700 mm plus was crafted with be available inside North America plus Australia.
Jan 1975 saw the F engine changed by the 2F engine. Unusual for Toyota, the model didn't change.
Model 56 is within Japan just, with 2F engine
A front-mounted engine describes the location of a vehicle engine inside front of the car passenger compartment.

Historically, this designation was chosen whether or not the whole engine was behind the front axle line. In recent occasions, the manufactures of several vehicles have put into the designation with all the expression front-mid that describes a automobile where the engine is within front of the passenger compartment nevertheless behind the front axle. Most pre-World War II front engine vehicles might qualify because front-mid engine, utilizing the front-mid designation, or found on the front axle.

This design is the many conventional shape, plus remains a favored, useful shape. The engine that takes up a lot of room is packaged inside a place guests plus luggage usually wouldn't employ. The main deficit is fat distribution the heaviest component is at 1 end of the car. Car handling is not best, nevertheless normally predictable.
The Land Cruiser 60 series was yielded from 1980 by 1990 for many markets however, the Cumana Plant inside Venezuela continued till 1992 for their localized marketplace. It is a front engine, 4 door wagon that will seat five with 8 persons. Like all Land Cruiser decades, it really is popular inside the off-road planet for the off-road abilities however was somewhat limited by its awkward departure angles. The 60 series was obtainable in the following strong outdoor colors: Alpine White, Brown, Desert Beige, Freeborn Red, Royal Blue; plus inside the following metallic outdoor colors: Charcoal Gray, Cognac, Gray-Blue, Rootbeer, Sky Blue, Stardust Silver.

1980 The 60 series was introduced. While nevertheless keeping the tough off-road characteristics of past Land Cruisers, the 60 was crafted with better compete inside the emerging sport utility car marketplace. The 60 was provided a range of comforts like air conditioner, a back heater plus an upgraded interior. The FJ60's "2F" petrol engine was left unchanged within the "40" series when six-cylinder four.0 L 2H plus four-cylinder 3.4 L 3B diesel motors were put into the product line.
1981 Land Cruiser sales surpassed 1 million along with a high-roof variation was introduced. The 60 series was introduced with South Africa whenever a stock Land Cruiser competed inside the Toyota 1000 km Desert Race inside the punishing wilds of Botswana.
1984 This was the final year for the 40 series.
1984 Alongside the 60 series, the 70 series was introduced.
1985 The Direct-injection 12H-T turbodiesel engine was introduced.
1988 The petrol engine was upgraded with a four.0 L 3F-E EFI engine. The FJ62G VX-Series was introduced permitting the Land Cruiser with be available inside Japan because a passenger car.

Diesel machines are furthermore yielded with 2 greatly different injection places. "Direct" plus "Indirect". Indirect injected motors put the injector inside a pre-combustion room inside the head that due with thermal losses commonly need the "glow plug" with commence plus high compression ratio. Usually inside the range of 21:1 with 23:1 ratio. Direct injected machines utilize a commonly donut shaped combustion room void found on the top of the piston. Thermal efficiency losses are greatly lower inside DI machines that facilitates a much lower compression ratio mostly between 14:1 plus 20:1 nevertheless many DI motors are closer with 17:1. The direct injected task is more internally violent and therefore needs cautious shape, plus more robust construction. The lower compression ratio furthermore creates challenges for emissions due with partial burn. Turbocharging is very suited with DI machines because the low compression ratio facilitates meaningful forced induction, as well as the heighten inside airflow enables capturing extra gas efficiency not merely from more complete combustion, and from reducing parasitic efficiency losses whenever correctly operated, by widening both force plus efficiency curves. The violent combustion procedure of direct injection equally creates more sound, however contemporary designs utilizing "split shot" injectors or synonymous multi shot processes have dramatically amended this matter yet firing a little charge of gas before the key delivery that pre-charges the combustion room for a less abrupt plus inside many instances somewhat cleaner burn.

A important component of all diesel motors is a mechanical or electronic governor that controls the idling speed plus maximum speed of the engine by controlling the rate of gas delivery. Unlike Otto-cycle motors, incoming air is not throttled along with a diesel engine without a governor cannot have a stable idling speed plus can overspeed, causing its destruction. Mechanically governed gas injection systems are driven by the engine's gear train. These systems utilize a mixture of springs plus weights with control gas delivery relative with both weight plus speed. Modern electronically controlled diesel motors control gas delivery by employ of a electronic control component or electronic control device. The ECM/ECU receives an engine speed signal, in addition to alternative working parameters like consumption manifold stress plus gas temperature, from a sensor plus controls the amount of gas and commence of injection timing from actuators with maximize force plus efficiency plus minimise emissions. Controlling the timing of the begin of injection of gas into the cylinder is a key with reducing emissions, plus maximizing gas economy, of the engine. The timing is calculated inside levels of crank angle of the piston before top dead centre. As an example, when the ECM/ECU initiates gas injection whenever the piston is 10Ã�ÃÃÃÃ�Ãà before TDC, the begin of injection, or timing, is mentioned with be 10Ã�ÃÃÃÃ�Ãà BTDC. Optimal timing depends the engine shape plus its speed plus weight, plus is normally 4Ã�ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃ�ÃÃÃÃ�Ãà BTDC inside 1,350-6,000 HP, web, "medium speed" locomotive, sea plus stationary diesel machines.

Advancing the begin of injection results inside high in-cylinder stress plus temperature, plus high efficiency, and results inside improved engine sound due with quicker cylinder stress rise plus improved oxides of nitrogen formation due with high combustion temperatures. Delaying begin of injection causes incomplete combustion, reduced gas efficiency plus an heighten inside exhaust smoke, containing a considerable amount of particulate matter plus unburned hydrocarbons.
Diesel machines have many blessings over additional internal combustion engines:

They burn less gas than a petrol engine operating the same function, due with the engine's high temperature of combustion plus better expansion ratio. Gasoline motors are usually 30% effective when diesel machines may convert over 45% of the gas vitality into mechanical stamina.
They do not have significant voltage electric ignition program, causing excellent security plus convenient adaptation with wet conditions. The absence of coils, spark connect wiring, etc., equally eliminates a source of radio frequency emissions that will interfere with navigation plus correspondence equipment, that is specifically significant inside sea plus aircraft applications.
The longevity of the diesel engine is usually regarding twice which of the petrol engine due with the improved strength of components selected. Diesel fuel has greater lubrication attributes than petrol also. Indeed, inside device injectors, the gas is employed for 3 distinct purposes: injector lubrication, injector cooling plus injection for combustion.

Bus driven by biodiesel

Diesel gas is distilled straight from petroleum. Distillation yields certain gasoline, yet the give will be inadequate without catalytic reforming, that is a more expensive task.
Diesel gas is considered safer than petrol inside numerous applications. Although diesel gas may burn inside open air utilizing a wick, it won't explode plus refuses to release a big amount of flammable vapor. The low vapor stress of diesel is specifically advantageous inside sea applications, where the accumulation of explosive fuel-air mixtures is a certain risk. For the same cause, diesel machines are immune with vapor lock.
For any provided partial weight the gas efficiency of the diesel engine remains almost continual, because opposed with petrol plus turbine motors that utilize proportionally more gas with partial force outputs.
They generate less waste heat inside cooling plus exhaust.
Diesel motors could accept super- or turbo-charging stress without any all-natural limit, constrained just by the strength of engine components. This really is unlike petrol motors, that inevitably suffer detonation at high stress.
The carbon monoxide content of the exhaust is minimal.
Biodiesel is an conveniently synthesized, non-petroleum-based gas that could run straight inside numerous diesel machines, when gasoline motors either want adaptation with run artificial fuels or otherwise employ them because an additive with gasoline.
The cause of the split combustion room is with accelerate the combustion task, inside purchase with strengthen the force output by improving engine speed. The addition of the prechamber, nevertheless, increases heat reduction with the cooling program plus therefore lowers engine efficiency. The engine needs glow plugs for beginning. In an indirect injection program the air moves swiftly, mixing the gas plus air. This simplifies injector shape plus enables the utilization of small machines plus less tightly toleranced designs that are easier with manufacture plus more reliable. Direct injection, by compare, utilizes slow-moving air plus fast-moving fuel; both the shape plus manufacture of the injectors is much more difficult. The optimisation of the in-cylinder air flow is more difficult than designing a prechamber. There is more integration involving the shape of the injector as well as the engine. It is for this cause which auto diesel motors were most indirect injection till the willing accessibility of effective CFD simulation systems created the adoption of direct injection useful.[citation need

Toyota Land Cruiser Diesel Haynes Owners Service & Repair Manual Haynes Service and Repair Manual 1980-1998 HJ60, HJ61, HJ70, HJ75, HZJ80 and HDJ80 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997