Toyota Land Cruiser Petrol Diesel 2007-2016 Haynes Service Repair Workshop Manual

2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016

In North America, the Land Cruiser 200 show emerges with one trim amount and system, the 5.7 L 3UR-FE V8 petrol system creating 284 kW (386 PS; 381 hp) and 544 N*m (401 lb*ft) of torque channeled through a six-speed automated. Towing try rated at 3,700 kg (8,200 lb). Beige or black leather are standard along side a 14 presenter JBL audio system. Truly the only wheel possibility are 18 in (460 mm) allowing a lot of sidewall and so the automobile is driven off-road without modification though an even more aggressive tread pattern is advised for deep mud.

For 2013 design seasons, Toyota included all formerly recommended security and luxury alternatives as standard. The Land Cruiser today gets pushbutton start, HID headlights with ray levels adjustment, an electrical moonroof, automatic rain sensing windshield wipers, heated and ventilated (perforated leather) front side and only heated back seats, a rear-seat DVD entertainment program, bluetooth, rearview digital camera with parking detectors, navigation system, HD broadcast and Entune. Another latest function is the Multi-terrain choose system which helps control wheelspin and braking system lockup giving the selectable selection of: stone, Rock & soil, Mogul, Loose stone, and Mud & Sand along with an addition to the Multi-terrain Select system an element generally transformative Anti-lock Braking system which adapts to your condition of the roadway like dirt or sand and effortlessly makes use of the ABS to reduce braking distance on almost any surface.

In Oceania, the 200 Series is offered in four different degrees of trim: GX, GXL, VX, and Sahara.

In August 2015, Toyota established an updated, face raised version of the J200 Land Cruiser in Japan, that was rolled completely globally. The facial skin raised variation includes a unique 8-speed digitally influenced automatic transmission (ECT-i) when it comes to 5.7 L 3UR-FE V8 petrol engine while other system choice's and transmission remains unchanged. There were in addition updates towards front side fascia, barbeque grill, headlamps (with sunlight working lamps), rear tail lamps and bumpers.

Toyota dropped the Land Cruiser 200 show from great britain lineup with this specific face-lift. Previous to the facial skin raise, the UK market got the Land Cruiser aided by the 4.5 L 1VD-FTV V8 turbo diesel once the just motor solution.

With its all-natural environment - "in the external Barcoo where churches were few and men of faith tend to be scanty"* - Toyota's LandCruiser was a revered object.

Considering that the very first design appeared truth be told there in 1959, it's carved aside a deserved reputation because the four-wheel-drive most suitable to your extremes of terrain, heat, distance and remoteness in outback Australia. Best Nissan's Patrol have comparable bush cred.

The new 200 Series LandCruiser, Drive's "2007 vehicle of the Year, Best 4WD over ,000", comes to the marketplace as an extra wagon.

Toyota possess fallen the bottom standard variation from range, which can be a pity. If you like a workhorse LandCruiser you're looking on 70 Series model or the no frills, mid-size Prado wagon.

Costs has jumped by 00-,200, in contrast to the 100 show. The 200 Series is listed near the Audi Q7, BMW X5 plus the Mercedes M-Class.

The 4.7-litre V8 petrol GXL automated outlay ,990, the VX try ,990 and also the Sahara try ,990. Turbo-diesel, 4.5-litre V8 alternatives price an additional ,000.

The turbo-diesel V8 was a lovely thing but asking an additional 10 grand because of it is a bit rich. The "it's a unique, high-tech diesel motor that spending even more to produce" debate does not clean. Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz charge an extra 00 to 00 for their 3.0-litre turbo-diesels over their particular petrol equivalents.

The 200 Series is still built on a box-section steel chassis. It really is slightly longer and broader than its predecessor.

The 4.5-litre (195kW, 650Nm), twin-turbo diesel V8 features a six-speed sequential automatic.The 4.7-litre petrol (202kW, 410Nm) V8 try transported over and is sold with a five-speed auto.

Tall and reasonable number are picked digitally via an activate the dash.

An Australian-developed Kinetic vibrant Suspension System uses linked hydraulic cylinders on both stabiliser bars to counteract system roll whenever cornering. When wheel articulation does occur, as in off-road driving, the cylinders are successfully decoupled from each other, allowing complete suspension swing.

In 2002, a 5-year development intend on a successor to the 100-series system commenced under Sadayoshi Koyari and Tetsuya Tada. By 2004, 10 years after the design collection of their forerunner in 1994, a final manufacturing design is satisfied on the 2008 J200. Prototype associated tests are performed for more than two years between 2004 and early 2007. The redesigned Toyota Land Cruiser is launched in late 2007. Referred to as 200 Series, it shares the Lexus LX 570's platform and overall build. The framework was new, produced from the second-generation Tundra but shortened and enhanced by 20 %. Bigger braking system rotors and calipers were included and forward suspension was made heavier task compared to Land Cruiser's very first efforts at IFS in 100-series and also this underbelly is also secure by skid dishes. Also, the roof pillars were redesigned to better protect occupants in a rollover.


The 200 Series experienced some critique because dull system restyling, with claiming that Toyota features 'overdeveloped' the classic trademarked Land Cruiser identity with its attempts to fit the Land Cruiser into modern twenty-first century motoring and car design. Nonetheless, the Land Cruiser continues to be the NATO car of choice and stays a qualified off-road car.

The car registered manufacturing in September 2007 and ended up being on sale from September or November, based nation. They became for sale in Venezuela available early in November under the regional nickname of "Roraima" (taken from Mount Roraima). Early dependability has proven is excellent.

The 200 show, offered many properties and improvements over their predecessor not restricted into the cosmetic adjustment made to your body and inside, including:

Smart Entry --- A sensor was caused when the remote was introduced near the vehicle, enabling the user just to touch the door handle to open up it.
Smart Start --- Start/Stop push button for ignition; a vital is not required.
4-zone climate controls on Sahara models, with socket ports increased from 18 to 28
10 airbags (VX & Sahara)
More powerful and light frame

Different motorist help technology not provided on previous systems, including:

CRAWL, a four-wheel drive controls system that runs like an off road cruise controls, instantly maintaining a reduced uniform automobile speed making use of brake system and throttle
Downhill Help Controls
Multi-terrain anti-lock braking program (abdominal muscles)
Kinetic Dynamic suspension system System (KDSS), allows for higher wheel articulation
an optional rear-view camera (VX)
Leather chairs can be purchased in full choice (VX)

Motor and transmission improvements include:

a new recommended V8 diesel system, the Toyota VD motor (a twin-turbo type of the system used in the 70 show since 2007).
Automated transmission standard across all quantities of trim of the 200 show, five-speed manual transmission emerges only with the 4.0 L GX brands (in selected regions). A five-speed automatic gearbox is assigned on 4.7 L petrol systems, as the 4.5 L diesel brands receive a six-speed automatic.

In Japan, the Land Cruiser have a minor improvement in 2009 when it obtained the 4.6 L V8 1UR-FE system and gearbox ended up being changed with a 6-speed automated. Although the latest 4608 cc 1UR-FE are smaller compared to the old 4663 cc 2UZ-FE motor, the ability happens to be increased from 212 to 234 kW (288 to 318 PS; 284 to 314 hp), torque increased from 448 to 460 N*m (330 to 339 lb*ft) and fuel usage improved from 6.6 to 7.1 km/L (19 to 20 mpgimp; 16 to 17 mpgUS) (Japan 10*15 mode dimension).

In the Middle East, the Land Cruiser 200 show is introduced in belated 2007 as a 2008 design, for 2008 to 2010 there is three engine alternatives, 179 kW (240 hp) 4.0L 1GR-FE petrol, 202 kW (271 hp) 2UZ-FE petrol and 162--173 kW (217--232 hp) 1VD-FTV 4.5 L turbo diesel. Starting last year, the 270 kW (362 hp) 3UR-FE ended up being supplied combined with the previous machines. For 2012, the 1GR-FE attained double VVT-i increased power to 202 kW (271 hp), the 4.7 L 2UZ-FE is dropped in preference of the newest 227 kW (304 hp) 4.6 L 1UR-FE, plus the 5.7 L and 4.5 L diesel were unchanged, even though latter had been fallen in certain markets.



KDSS is standard on all designs bar the GXL turbo-diesel. It's a 00 option.

Stability controls is standard. The anti-lock brake system are tuned for optimum performance on and off path. Petrol designs have actually crawl controls, makes it possible for lowest speed, feet-off traversing of rough surface.

All petrol variations, together with GXL turbo-diesel, have actually 138 litres of fuel capacity; VX and Sahara turbo-diesel have only 93 litres.
Ground clearance is 225mm, kerb pounds is 2555-2720kg, gross automobile size was 3300kg, gross blended size try 6800kg and maximum towing capacity was 3500kg.

Not one of these gargantuan figures will make an effort the turbo-diesel V8. Low-boost pulling power is stronger; whenever both turbos twist up at 2000rpm roughly it produces huge, unstoppable grunt that redefines the word "effortless". If you need an engine tailor-made for pulling hefty loads, this will be it.

There is a band of obvious vibration, thought through wheel under acceleration, at about 2000rpm nevertheless the six-speed automated works therefore efficiently you never even see it normally.

The GXL without KDSS manages like a barge in tighter sides compared to the KDSS-equipped variants. KDSS work. System roll was managed; the trunk end isn't any much longer underdamped, vulnerable to fade on harsh roadways or as twitchy on corrugations. Overall stability is a lot enhanced, as it is braking efficiency. Many larger, hefty 4WDs become underbraked; the 200 Series was an exception. However, front-end diving under reasonably hefty braking try excessive.

The cabin can be as peaceful as a 0,000 luxury vehicles. The dash has actually completely illuminated instruments, touch-screen procedure in Sahara as well as the centre system are huge.

Less attractive were separate rake and get to levers for steering-wheel modifications in the GXL, the absence of seat-height modifications on GXL therefore the absence of a rear digital camera (except on Sahara).

Vision is fine - you sit above everybody else - but a camera ought to be standard across the number. Crash cover include six airbags (curtains expand to the rear seating) regarding GXL; VX and Sahara integrate knee airbags and part airbags for the outer, second-row seating.

The motorist's seat was formed for big blokes. It is solidly cushioned and comfortable on a long drive but light bolstering fails to help keep you securely located in off-road driving.

Row two was a large, wide, comfortable seat, split 60/40, with an abundance of knee room, flexible back-rest sides, three youngsters restraint anchors regarding as well as minimal storing. Both edges tumble ahead without energy for usage of line three, which, as earlier, was a 50/50 split, each one half being protected resistant to the side of the load region. It is one of the more spacious, comfortable straight back stalls, though Toyota's eight-seater claim for Cruiser, which requires appropriate three throughout the back seat, is extending credibility.

There are numerous 4WDs with additional load flooring room but its one-metre floor-to-ceiling height enables they to ingest a heap of equipment. The full-sized free are beneath the rear, guaranteed by a chain.

This new LandCruiser will please the majority of the real believers, who'll place it into the most unfortunate examinations imaginable in elements of Australia we've most likely never ever heard of - plus the external Barcoo, also.

Which will be whilst should always be, because if you're not planning run deeply in to the wider brown land, or tow a block of flats around, you can find smarter how to invest what is now deluxe 4WD funds - from ,000 to 0,000 - than about this monster-sized adventure vehicle.

on April 4, 2007, Lexus premiered the 2008 model year LX 570 within nyc worldwide Auto Show. It had been a complete redesign, additionally the earliest version to be premiered before its expected Land Cruiser counterpart. The style by Shinichi Hiranaka is approved in 2004, just who additionally performed the style revision accepted this season This has a unique UL EV-II certified 5.7 L 3UR-FE V8 motor. Power output try 286 kW (383 hp) with 546 N*m (403 lb*ft) of torque. The greater powerful motor assists give an elevated towing capacity as much as 3,900 kg (8,500 pound). The engine are linked with a six-speed sequential-shift automated transmission with an all-new 4WD program which makes use of a Torsen center differential. Developing started on both the Land Cruiser (J200) and Lexus LX equivalent in 2002. The last build ended up being approved in 2004, with examination becoming conducted into very early 2007 on development prototypes and belated 2007 on pre-production brands. The final build patent when it comes to J200 show Lexus LX ended up being submitted on March 27, 2007.
First-facelift Lexus LX 570

The LX 570 is 102 mm (4 in) longer general and 25 mm (1 in) wider, while maintaining similar wheelbase. It loses the plastic lower body side cladding making the paint exposed. A third of the framework's system mass is made from high-tensile metallic, combined with whole B-pillar, and all sorts of three crossmembers were hydroformed steel. Such as the Toyota Tundra the tow hitch try built-into the frame. The front suspension system now utilizes double wishbones, changing the torsion ray, which provides 230 mm (9 in) of suspension trips, whilst rear will continue to need a multi-link suspension with a solid rear axle for strength and durability. The LX system features logged 240,000 test kilometers through subtropical forests, the Australian Outback and American deserts.

The LX 570 comes standard with 20-inch-wheels, a four-wheel electro-hydraulic suspension system with an updated six-setting AHC program that can improve the vehicle by 76 mm (3 in) or lower they by 51 mm (2 in) from the typical trip level using a knob when you look at the center system. The leading suspension system's air case springtime costs were adjustable, yet not constantly like a totally energetic suspension system arrangement. The AVS provides more instant damper firmness corrections which are diagonally cross-linked through a mechanical system utilizing hydraulic fluid, like the 4Runner's X-REAS system.
Second-facelift Lexus LX 570

More efficiency functions add a Crawl controls (heightened version of Downhill guide Control) program that negotiates off road hurdles in both ahead and reverse at lowest speeds by instantly offering throttle and braking inputs on the cheap experienced off road motorists: an interior lever enables the motorist to reduce rate. A multi-terrain anti-lock stopping program offers smaller stopping distances on surfaces particularly sand or gravel. Hill-start guide controls (HAC) stops rolling backwards on mountains or slippery areas.

The interior include amenities, standard and recommended, featured in 2007 LS 460, like semi-aniline leather seats, four-zone weather controls, a 19-speaker 450 Watt level Levinson surround-sound stereo system with hard-drive memories storing, a hard-drive-based navigation system, XM satellite broadcast with NavTraffic as traditional, a two-piece energy liftgate/tailgate and Lexus user-friendly Park aid, sonar parking assistance. Various other services consist of Bubinga timber trim (a type of African rosewood in addition used in exclusive aircraft and top-quality instruments), a center system colder for storage space of cold drinks, power sliding backside seats, energy 3rd line seating, and a 229 millimetres (9 in) DVD rear-seat enjoyment program.

It also gets the up-to-date Lexus fifth-generation hard-drive-based navigation program with an 8 inch high-resolution VGA screen. Lexus' keyless SmartAccess with an ultra-thin "wise card" secret was standard with 10 airbags like knee airbags for motorist and front traveler and second row side body airbags, plus the Adaptive Front-lighting program (AFS) is standard, whilst the Pre-Collision program (PCS) and vibrant Radar Cruise controls techniques tend to be alternatives. Energetic front headrests debut this Lexus protection feature for the first time on an SUV when you look at the U.S. An innovative new Wide-view Front and part track program utilizes a camera attached to the grille offering a 180-degree view right in front and a camera installed on the passenger side of the part mirror support remove blind places at low speeds useful in parking plenty or off-road adventures. Evening View had been stopped.

During 2009, the LX 570 obtained J.D. energy's top get in its preliminary Quality research.
2010--2012

In 2010 for 2011 model year, Lexus launched a moderate facelift with a brand new front side bumper, and activities designs a stick-on bodykit in the front side and rear bumpers. The brand new front side bumper gave the end result associated with the brand-new Lexus "spindle" grille without redecorating the biggest bodywork equipment.
2012--2015

An even more significant renovation arrived in 2012 for the 2013 design 12 months, described as a new grille, bumpers, headlamps, end lights contacts and various trim modifications such as for example brand-new wheel design.
2015--present
2016 Lexus LX 570

The 3rd facelift had been revealed in August 2015 during the people Pebble seashore Concours d'Elegance. The enhance introduced significant adjustment with an all-new internal while the just exterior panels carrying over are the doors plus the roof.

The 1GR-FE may be the 4.0 L (3956 cc) version, designed for longitudinal installation in RWD and 4WD pickup applications. It has a 94 mm bore and a stroke of 95 mm. Result try 236 hp (176 kW) at 5200 rpm with 266 lb*ft (361 N*m) of torque at 4000 rpm on 87 octane, and 239 hp (178 kW) at 5200 rpm with 278 lb*ft (377 N*m) at 3700 rpm on 91 octane. This system features Toyota's VVT-i, adjustable valve timing system regarding the intake cam and a compression ratio of 10.0:1. Service pounds, including liquids, try 166 kg (366 pound).

an updated version of this engine features Dual VVT-i, increasing output to 270 hp (201 kW) and 278 lb*ft (377 N*m) on 87 octane and 285 hp (213 kW) and 289 lb*ft (392 N*m) on 91 octane. In, the 1GR utilizes a "taper-squish" combustion chamber build with coordinating pistons to enhance anti-knocking and system results, while also improving intake and fuel efficiency. Toyota adopted a siamese-type intake interface, which decreases the surface section of the interface wall space and stops gasoline from adhering to these types of walls. This motor have special cast-iron cylinder liners throw to the block, which are a spiny means to boost adhesion between your lining and cylinder block. By using these unique slim liners it's impossible to bore the block. In case of cylinder wall damage (scoring, deep protrusions, etc.), the entire cylinder block must be changed. For increasing block rigidity, the 1GR also obtains increased temperatures vinyl insulator/protector, which fills the vacant area amongst the external portion of the cylinders and block materials common to open deck engines. For increased soothing effectiveness, the 1GR employs water passages between the bores of motor. There are 2 these types of passages for each bank for an overall total of four. This lowers cylinder hot-spotting and keeps combustion chamber temperature much more consistent.

A bolt-on TRD supercharger kit had been on the Tacoma and FJ Cruiser but happens to be discontinued by Toyota.

The newest 2015 Toyota HiLux receives a somewhat various version of the single VVT-i motor, aided by the just change being a removal of an air intake baffle tank being replaced by a conventional air filter housing to intake pipeline to surge tank design. The new consumption pipe now includes resonators. Energy production are unchanged.

The 1UR-FE is dependant on the 1UR-FSE but does not have the D4-S direct injections technologies. Initially utilized for Lexus motors in the Middle East, it had been introduced in 2010 in other areas to change the 2UZ-FE engine in truck and SUV applications. This engine creates 347 hp (259 kW) at 6,400 rpm and 46.9 kg*m (460 N*m; 339 lb*ft) at 4,100 rpm within the Lexus GS and LS. When it comes to Toyota Land Cruiser the system creates 304 hp (227 kW) at 5,500 rpm and 44.8 kg*m (439 N*m; 324 lb*ft) at 3,400 rpm.

The 2UZ-FE had been a 4.7 L (4,663 cc or 284.6 cu in) variation built-in Tahara, Aichi, Japan at Toyota Motor production Alabama. Unlike their various other UZ alternatives, this version makes use of a cast iron block to increase toughness, because ended up being designed for low-revving, high-torque pickup and SUV applications. Its bore are 94 mm (3.7 in) and swing was 84 mm (3.3 in). Output changes by execution, but one VVT-i variation produces 202 kW (271 hp) at 4800 rpm with 427 N*m (315 lbf*ft) of torque at 3400 rpm. JDM models build 173 kW (232 hp) at 4800 rpm and 422 N*m (311 lbf*ft) at 3600 rpm, while Australian brands build 170 kW (230 hp) at 4800 rpm and 410 N*m (300 lbf*ft) at 3600 rpm.

Such as the 1UZ-FE it's aluminum DOHC cylinder heads, MFI fuel injections, 4 valves per cylinder with bucket tappets, single-piece cast camshafts, and a cast aluminum intake manifold. For 2010, it absolutely was changed by the 1UR-FE or 3UR-FE, according to the country.

The 3UR-FE is a 5.7-litre (5663 cc) system created for use within Toyota Tundra/Sequoia/Land Cruiser, and Lexus LX570 cars, minus the D-4S fuel direct injections but with twin VVT-i. Bore of 94 mm and swing of 102 mm, it creates 381 hp (283 kW) at 5,600 rpm and 401 lb*ft (543 N*m) of torque at 3,600 rpm. A stainless metal fatigue manifold integrating a 3-way catalytic converter is employed. This engine try throw at Toyota's Bodine Aluminum and currently put together at Toyota engine Manufacturing Alabama. Over 1.3 million kilometers of toughness testing went in to the system. E85 ethanol ability is going to be optional the 2009 design season. The system's provider fat was 222 kg.

Readily available bolt-on Toyota rushing developing Eaton's Twin Vortices show Roots-type supercharger kit the Tundra and Sequoia lumps switch on to 504 hp (376 kW) and 550 lb*ft (750 N*m) of torque. Being from TRD, the supercharger system is installed by dealers and you will be covered under guarantee.

The Toyota 1VD-FTV system could be the first V8 diesel engine generated by Toyota. It really is a 32-Valve DOHC, with Common train gasoline injection and each one or two adjustable geometry turbochargers.
Vehicles and Availability

The single-turbo variation for this system was used in Australia commencing 2007, suited to the 70-series secure Cruiser range. The engine comes in Australian Continent, India, Southern Africa, Central and South America.

The twin-turbo variant saw its earliest use within September 2007 fitted to the 200-series secure Cruiser truck and 79 show designs, that are available in different global areas.
Requirements

Designation: 1VD-FTV
Means: V8 DOHC 32 Valve Variable Geometry Intercooled Turbo Diesel
Displacement: 4,461 cc (272 cu in)
Compression ratio: 16.8:1
Bore x Stroke (mm): 86 x 96
Fuel System: Popular Train Direct Injection
Maximum power: Single turbo: 151 kW (202 hp) @ 3400 rpm; Twin turbo: 200 kW (268 hp) at 3400 rpm
Optimal torque: Single turbo: 430 N*m (317 lb*ft) @ 1200-3200 rpm; Twin turbo: 650 N*m (479 lb*ft) @ 1600-2600 rpm
Gasoline usage (ADR81/02 combined): Single turbo: 11.9 l/100 km (23.7 mpgimp; 19.8 mpgUS); Twin turbo: 10.3 l/100 km (27.4 mpgimp; 22.8 mpgUS)

There is absolutely no bigger vehicle for Toyota, as compared to Land Cruiser 200. It really is Toyota's leading in almost every means. So when Toyota upgrades their favourite, you best take notice.

Once the newer LC200 shows up inside our showroom, we'll publish a more in-depth review about this. For the time being, I have some freshly released photos, via Toyota United States Of America. DonÃÃ�t drool over their keyboards!

The Land Cruiser nameplate has grown through the years, from a pure off road energy vehicle, in order to become one of the more luxurious SUV's worldwide. The latest variation gets another search. An innovative new bumper, grille, projector-beam LED reasonable and large beam headlights, headlight cleaners and integrated Land Cruiser logo, all contributing to the newest build signature. The hood's unique energy bulges convey the possibility of 284 kw V8 that consist below. Teamed to that power plant for 2016 could be the Toyota brand name's first 8-speed automatic transmission, which helps improve speed.
Unique functions (Some are only on VX systems)

An incredible newer Qi wireless billing pad for your appropriate smartphone. Only setting their mobile on the pad, and it'll start asking. One less cable!
Auto tall ray: The AHB program can automatically change between high beam and lowest ray to reduce the total amount of headlight glare directed towards oncoming traffic whenever travel during the night.
Adaptive Cruise Control: The transformative cruise control system detects a preceding car, preserves the right vehicle-to-vehicle distance. ACC will dynamically fit the speed regarding the car prior to you, reducing behind it and keeping a constant rate with one of four cruise space distances put by the motorist.
Blind Spot track: The Blind Spot track program alerts the motorist of other cars located at either side. Making use of the radar sensor, the Blind area track System will alert the motorist of any motors found in the blind place.
Backside Cross visitors alarm: When reversing off a parking area, RCTA utilizes the Blind area track radar to identify various other vehicles nearing from the remaining or correct rear for the vehicle and alerts the driver.
Lane maintain guide: Lane Keep Assist program monitors car behavior and warns the motorist whenever vehicle accidentally deviates from the lane.
Tyre Pressure caution: A direct-type tyre stress warning program. The device detects lowest tyre stress, alerts the driver with a caution indicator regarding fusion meter and shows the pressure of each tyre from the Multi-information screen to inform the tyre pressure.
Pre-crash System: The Pre-Collision System makes use of detectors to detect other cars or obstructions as you're watching
vehicle and alerts the motorist.

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The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the gasoline powered Otto cycle by using highly compressed hot air to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark connect (compression ignition rather than spark ignition).

In the correct diesel engine, only environment is initially introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then condensed with a compression ratio typically between 15:1 and 22:1 resulting in 40-bar (4.0 MPa; 580 psi) pressure compared to 8 to 14 bars (0.80 to 1.40 MPa; 120 to 200 psi) when you look at the petrol motor. This high compression heats the air to At about the very top of the compression stroke, gasoline is actually injected straight into the condensed environment in the combustion chamber. This may be into a (typically toroidal) void in the top of the piston or a pre-chamber depending upon the appearance of the motor. The gas injector ensures that the fuel is broken down into small droplets, and that the fuel is distributed evenly. The warmth of the compressed air vaporizes gas from the top of droplets. The vapour is then ignited through the heat from the compressed air in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise using their surfaces and obtaining, burn smaller, until all of the fuel in the droplets is burnt. The start of vaporisation causes a delay period during ignition and the characteristic diesel knocking sound as the vapour gets to ignition temperature and causes an abrupt increase in pressure above the piston. The rapid expansion of combustion gases then pushes the piston downward, supplying power towards the crankshaft.

Since really as the high degree of compression allowing combustion to take location without a different ignition system, a high compression ratio considerably increases the engine's efficiency. Increasing the compression ratio in a spark-ignition engine where air and gasoline are mixed before entry on the cylinder is restricted by the need to stop damaging pre-ignition. Since only air is compressed in a diesel engine, and fuel is not introduced into the cylinder until shortly before top dead center (TDC), premature detonation is not issue and compression ratios are a lot higher.

Diesel's initial engine injected fuel with the assistance of condensed air, which atomized the fuel and forced it into the engine through a nose (a similar principle to an aerosol spray). The nozzle opening was closed by a pin valve lifted by the camshaft to initiate the fuel injection before top dead centre (TDC). This is called an air-blast injection. Traveling the three stage compressor used some energy but the efficiency and net power output was more than any different combustion engine at that time.

Diesel engines in service today raise the fuel to extreme challenges by physical pumps and deliver it to the combustion chamber by pressure-activated injectors without compressed air. With direct injected diesels, injectors spray fuel through 4 to 12 small orifices in its nose. The first environment injection diesels always had a superior burning without the sharp increase in pressure during combustion. Research is now being performed and patents are being taken out to again use some form of air injection to reduce the nitrogen oxides and pollution, reverting to Diesel's original implementation with its remarkable burning and perhaps quieter operation. In most major aspects, the contemporary diesel engine holds true to Rudolf Diesel's original design, that of igniting fuel by compression at a very high pressure within the cylinder. With much higher challenges and high innovation injectors, present-day diesel engines make use of the so-called solid injection system applied by Herbert Akroyd Stuart for their hot bulb engine. The indirect injection motor could be looked at the latest continuing growth of these low speed hot light bulb ignition engines.

A vital element of all diesel engines is digital or mechanical governor which regulates the idling speed and maximum speed of the engine by managing the rate of fuel delivery. Unlike Otto-cycle motors, incoming environment is not throttled and a diesel engine without a governor cannot have a stable idling speed and can easily ensuing, overspeed in its destruction. Mechanically governed fuel injection systems are driven by the engine's gear train. These methods use a mix of springs and weights to manage gas shipment relative to both load and speed. Modern electronically controlled diesel engines control fuel delivery by use of an electronic control module (ECM) or electronic control unit (ECU). The ECM/ECU receives an engine performance signal, as well as other operating details these as intake manifold pressure and fuel temperature, from a sensor and controls the quantity of fuel and start of shot timing through actuators to maximise minimise and power and efficiency emissions. Controlling the time of the beginning of injection of fuel into the cylinder is a key to minimizing emissions, and maximizing fuel economy (efficiency), of the engine. The timing is measured in degrees of crank angle of the piston before top dead middle. For instance, if the ECM/ECU initiates fuel injection when the piston is BTDC. Optimal timing is determined by the engine design as well as its rate and load.

Advancing the start of injection (injecting before the piston reaches to its SOI-TDC) results in higher in-cylinder temperature and pressure, and higher efficiency, but also brings about increased engine noise due to faster cylinder pressure rise and increased oxides of nitrogen (NOx) formation due to higher combustion temperatures. Delaying beginning of injection causes unfinished combustion, reduced fuel efficiency and an increase in exhaust smoke, containing a great deal of particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons.

Common rail direct fuel injection is a modern variant of direct fuel injection system for petrol and diesel engines.

On diesel engines, it features a high-pressure (over 1,000 bar or 100 MPa; 15,000 psi) fuel rail feeding individual solenoid valves, as opposed to low-pressure gas pump feeding unit injectors (or pump nozzles). Third-generation common train diesels now function piezoelectric injectors for increased precision, with energy pressures up to 3,000 club (300 MPa; 44,000 psi).

In gasoline engines, it is actually used in gasoline immediate shot engine technology.

The common rail method model was developed in the late 1960s by Robert Huber of Switzerland and the technology further developed by Dr. Marco Ganser at the Swiss Federal Institute of tech in Zurich, later of Ganser-Hydromag AG (est.1995) in

The first successful usage in a creation vehicle began in Japan by the mid-1990s. Dr. Shohei Itoh and Masahiko Miyaki regarding the Denso Corporation, a Japanese automobile parts manufacturer, developed the common rail fuel system for heavy duty cars and turned it into functional use on their unique ECD-U2 usual-rail system mounted in the Hino Rising Ranger truck and sold for basic use in 1995. Denso claims the first commercial high pressure common train system in 1995.

Modern common rail systems, whilst working on the same principle, are governed by an engine control unit (ECU) which opens each injector electronically rather than mechanically. This was extensively prototyped in the 1990s with collaboration between Magneti Marelli, Centro Ricerche Fiat and Elasis. After research and development through the Fiat Group, the design was acquired by the German company Robert Bosch GmbH for completion of development and refinement for mass-production. In hindsight, the sale appeared to be a tactical error for Fiat, because the new technology turned out to be highly profitable. The company had small choice but to sell, however, mainly because it was at a poor financial state during the time and lacked the resources to complete development on its own. In 1997 they offered its use for passenger cars. The first passenger vehicle that utilized the usual rail system had been the 1997 model Alfa Romeo 156 2.4 JTD, and later on that same 12 months Mercedes-Benz C 220 CDI.

Common rail engines have been used in marine and locomotive programs for many time. The Cooper-Bessemer GN-8 (circa 1942) is a good example of a hydraulically operated common train diesel engine, additionally known as a changed common railway.

Vickers made use of common rail systems in submarine engines circa 1916. Doxford Engines Ltd. (opposed-piston hefty marine machines) used a common rail system (from 1921 to 1980) whereby a multi-cylinder reciprocating fuel pump generated a pressure of approximately 600 bars (60 MPa; 8,700 psi), with the fuel being kept in accumulator bottles. Force control had been achieved by means of a variable pump discharge stroke and a "spillage valve". Camshaft-operated mechanical timing valves were used to supply the spring-loaded Brice/CAV/Lucas injectors, which injected through the part from the cylinder in to the chamber formed between the pistons. Very early engines had a set of timing cams, one for ahead running and another for astern. Later applications had two injectors per cylinder, and the final line of constant-pressure turbocharged engines were fitted with four injectors per cylinder. This system was used for the injection of both diesel oil and heavy fuel oil (600cSt heated to a temperature of approximately 130

The typical rail system is actually suitable for various types of highway automobiles with diesel engines, ranging from city cars (such as the Fiat Panda) to executive cars (such as the Audi A6). The main suppliers of modern common rail systems are Robert Bosch GmbH, Delphi, Denso, and Siemens VDO (now owned by Continental AG).

The first commercial electronic fuel injection (EFI) system was Electrojector, developed by the Bendix Corporation and was offered by American Motors Corporation (AMC) in 1957. The Rambler Rebel, showcased AMC's new 327 cu in (5.4 L) engine. The Electrojector was a choice and rated at 288 bhp (214.8 kW). The EFI produced peak torque 500 rpm lower than the equivalent carburetored engine The Rebel Owners Manual described the operation and design of the newest system. (because of to cool, for that reason denser, intake environment). The fee of the EFI option was US5 and information technology was available on 15 June 1957. Electrojector's teething problems meant only pre-production cars were so equipped: thus, very few cars so equipped were ever offered and none were made available to the public. The EFI method in the Rambler ran fine in warm weather, but suffered hard starting in cooler temperatures.

Chrysler offered Electrojector on the 1958 Chrysler 300D, DeSoto Adventurer, Dodge D-500 and Plymouth Fury, arguably the first series-production cars equipped with an EFI system. It was jointly engineered by Bendix and Chrysler. The very early electronic components were not equal to the rigors of underhood service, however, and were too slow to keep up with the demands of "on the fly" engine control. Most of the 35 vehicles originally so equipped were field-retrofitted with 4-barrel carburetors. The Electrojector patents had been subsequently sold to Bosch.

Bosch developed an electronic fuel injection system, called D-Jetronic (D for Druck, German for "pressure"), which was first used on the VW 1600TL/E in 1967. This was a speed/density system, making use of motor speed and intake manifold air density to calculate "air mass" flow price and so fuel requirements. This method was adopted by VW, Mercedes-Benz, Saab, Porsche, n, and Volvo. Lucas licensed the system for production with Jaguar.

Bosch superseded the D-Jetronic system with the K-Jetronic and L-Jetronic systems for 1974, though some automobiles (such as the Volvo 164) proceeded using D-Jetronic when it comes to following several years. In 1970, the Isuzu 117 was introduced with a Bosch-supplied D-Jetronic fuel injected engine sold only in Japan.

Chevrolet Cosworth Vega engine showing Bendix electronic fuel injection (in orange).

The Cadillac Seville was introduced in 1975 with an EFI system made by Bendix and modelled very closely on Bosch's D-Jetronic. L-Jetronic first appeared on the 1974 Porsche 914, and uses a mechanical ventilation meter (L for Luft, German for "air") that produces a sign that is proportional to "air volume". This approach required additional sensors to measure the atmospheric temperature and pressure, to ultimately calculate "air mass". L-Jetronic had been commonly adopted on European vehicles of that period, and a few Japanese models a short time later.

In Japan, the Toyota Celica used electronic, multi-port fuel treatment in the recommended 18R-E engine in January 1974. Nissan offered electronic, multi-port energy injection in 1975 aided by the Bosch L-Jetronic system used in the Nissan L28E engine and installed in the Nissan Fairlady Z, Nissan Cedric, and the Nissan Gloria. Toyota soon followed with the exact same technology in 1978 in the 4M-E motor installed in the Toyota Crown, the Toyota Supra, and the Toyota Mark II. In the 1980s, the Isuzu Piazza, and the Mitsubishi Starion added fuel injection as standard gear, developed separately with both companies history of diesel powered engines. 1981 saw Mazda offer fuel injection into the Mazda Luce with the Mazda FE engine, and in 1983, Subaru offered fuel injection in the Subaru EA81 engine installed in the Subaru Leone. Honda followed in 1984 along with their own system, called PGM-FI within the Honda Accord, and the Honda Vigor making use of the Honda ES3 engine.

The limited production Chevrolet Cosworth Vega had been introduced in March 1975 using a Bendix EFI system with pulse-time manifold injection, four injector valves, an electronic control unit (ECU), five separate detectors and two gas pumps. The EFI system was developed to satisfy stringent emission control demands and market demands for a technologically advanced responsive vehicle. 5000 hand-built Cosworth Vega engines were developed but only 3,508 cars were sold through 1976.

In 1980, Motorola (now Freescale) launched the first electronic engine control unit, the EEC-III. Its integrated control of motor functions (these types of as gasoline injection and spark timing) is now the regular approach for fuel injection systems. The Motorola innovation was installed in Ford North American items.

Direct injection diesel engines have injectors mounted at the leading of this combustion chamber. The injectors tend to be activated utilizing one of two methods - hydraulic pressure from the energy pump, or an electronic signal from an engine controller.

Hydraulic pressure activated injectors can create harsh engine noise. Gasoline consumption is mostly about 20% lower than indirect injection diesels. The additional noise is generally not a problem for commercial uses of this engine, but for automotive usage, buyers have to determine whether the elevated fuel efficiency would compensate for the additional noise.

Electronic control associated with fuel injection transformed the direct injection engine by allowing much greater control over the combustion.

The term secondary injection, in an internal combustion engine, refers to fuel injection where fuel is not directly inserted into the burning chamber. Gasoline engines tend to be usually designed with indirect injection systems, wherein a fuel injector delivers the fuel at some point before the intake valve.

An indirect injection diesel motor delivers energy into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber. The prechamber is very carefully made to ensure adequate mixing associated with atomized fuel with the compression-heated air.

The goal of the divided combustion chamber is to speed up the combustion process, in order to increase the energy output by growing engine speed. The addition of a prechamber, however, increases temperature reduction to the cooling system and thus lowers engine efficiency. The motor calls for glow plugs for starting. In an indirect injection system the environment moves fast, mixing the air and gasoline. This simplifies injector design and allows the utilization of smaller engines and less tightly toleranced designs which are easier to manufacture and more dependable. Direct injection, by contrast, uses slow-moving air and fast-moving gas; the style and manufacture of the injectors is a lot more tough. The optimization of the in-cylinder air flow is much more difficult than designing a prechamber. There is actually much more integration between the appearance of the injector and the motor. It's for this reason that car diesel engines were almost all indirect injection until the ready access of powerful CFD simulation systems made the adoption of direct injection practical.